Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a highly contagious viral pathogen that primarily affects crustaceans, particularly shrimp. It belongs to the family Parvoviridae and is classified under the genus IHHNV. The virus was first identified in the late 1980s and has since been recognized as a significant threat to the global shrimp farming industry.
IHHNV primarily targets the hypodermal and hematopoietic tissues of infected crustaceans, causing severe necrosis and ultimately leading to their death. The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals. It can also be vertically transmitted from infected females to their offspring during spawning or reproduction.
The symptoms of IHHNV infection can vary depending on the stage of the disease. Early signs include a general deterioration of the shrimp's health, including loss of appetite, sluggishness, and discoloration. As the infection progresses, physical symptoms such as rough appearing cuticle, lesions, and abdominal swelling become more apparent. Infected individuals may also exhibit weakened immune systems, making them susceptible to secondary bacterial or fungal infections.
Control measures for IHHNV include proper biosecurity protocols, such as quarantine and disinfection, to prevent the introduction and spread of the virus in shrimp farming facilities. Testing and early detection are crucial for limiting the impact of the disease. Vaccination and selective breeding of resistant shrimp populations are potential strategies for managing and preventing IHHNV outbreaks in affected areas.
Overall, IHHNV poses a significant threat to crustacean aquaculture, and understanding its characteristics and implementing effective management strategies are essential for the sustainable development of the shrimp farming industry.
